Factors associated with urinary incontinence in volleyball athletes: a cross-sectional study

The article has the purpose of identify the factors associated with the occurrence of urinary incontinence (UI) among volleyball athletes. This is a cross-sectional study conducted with female athletes of court volleyball. An interview was conducted to identify the factors associated with UI. The presence of urinary loss was identified using the Urinary Distress Inventory 6 (UDI-6). The associated factors found were divided into those related to sociodemographic (education and marital status), behavioral (constipation occurrence), obstetric (previous pregnancies), hereditary (skin color), and sports practice variables (sports level, volleyball position, time of sports practice in years, physical and tactical training routine, and daily water intake). The Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, and binary logistic regression model were used. This study included 83 volleyball athletes with a mean age of 26.6 (± 7.2) years. It was found that 25.3% of the volleyball athletes presented UI and those that reported symptoms of constipation were 10 times more likely to develop UIthan those without constipation.Women who practice high-impact sports in a professional manner, such as volleyball, should be aware of the symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction, since they will be predisposed to urine leakage. The finding that a considerable number of athletes report UI and that long-term sports practice exposes athletes to a higher risk of UI indicates that pelvic exercises should be proposed in order to reduce these symptoms.

Caracterización clínica de las disfunciones de piso pélvico en mujeres chilenas sintomáticas que consultan en un hospital universitario / Clinical characterization of pelvic floor dysfunctions in symptomatic Chilean women who visit an academic hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: La prevalencia de las disfunciones de piso pélvico (DPP) puede llegar hasta un 25%, y esta incrementando con los años. El objetivo de este estudio es mostrar las características clínicas de pacientes sintomáticas sometidas a cistometría simple en el Hospital La Florida, entre diciembre del 2015 y marzo 2020. MÉTODOS: Es un estudio retrospectivo transversal. Se evaluaron los datos de todos los resultados de cistometrías simples de pacientes derivadas por sintomatología de piso pélvico entre los años 2015 y 2020. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 1.211 cistometrías simples. El motivo de derivación más frecuente fue prolapso de órganos pélvicos + incontinencia de orina (IO) (39.6%). 13.5% tuvieron resultado normal. 58% presentó test de esfuerzo positivo. 22.5% tenían prueba de estrés con vejiga vacía positiva. 17.6% presentó IO oculta. 21.9% de IO mixta. De las pacientes derivadas por vejiga hiperactiva o IO mixta, en el 14.2% se constató la presencia de contracciones no inhibidas y en el 34.8% la presencia de urgencia. CONCLUSIONES: Nuestro estudio aporta información sobre las DPP en la mujer chilena en un hospital universitario.

INTRODUCTION: Prevalence of pelvic floor dysfunctions (PFD) can be as high as 25%, and it is increasing over the years. The objective if this study is to show the clinical characteristics of symptomatic patients undergoing simple cystometry at La Florida Hospital, between December 2015 and March 2020. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. The data of all simple cystometries of patients derived for pelvic floor symptoms between 2015 and 2020 were evaluated. RESULTS: 1211 simple cystometries were evaluated. The most frequent reason for referral was pelvic organ prolapse + urinary incontinence (UI) (39.6%). 13.% had a normal result. 58% presented positive stress test. 22.% had a positive empty stress test. 17.6% had occult UI. 21.9% mixed UI. Of the patients referred by overactive bladder or mixed UI, 12.2% had detrusor contractions and 34.8% had urgency. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides information on PFD in Chilean women in a university hospital. .

Indicaciones de estudio urodinámico / Indications of urodynamic study

The basic objective of urodynamics is to reproduce the patient's symptoms while evaluating the lower urinary tract directly, with objective quantification of parameters, correlating the symptoms with the findings of the test. Traditionally, it is used: a) to diagnose lower urinary tract dysfunction, quantify its severity and determine the most significant abnormality, b) to predict the consequences of lower urinary tract dysfunction on the upper urinary tract, c) to predict the results of therapeutic interventions and possible complications and d) to investigate the causes of treatment failures. In this article we will refer to the indications of urodynamics taking into account the recommendations of the main international urological societies: 1) in women with urinary incontinence, with emphasis on those who have stress urinary incontinence and who will undergo surgery, 2) in men with non-neurogenic lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia, and 3) in patients with neurologic involvement of the lower urinary tract ("neurogenic bladder"), considering the classification of neurological disorders according to the risk over the upper urinary tract. (AU)

Incontinencia urinaria en el adulto mayor / Urinary incontinence in the elderly

RESUMEN Antecedentes: La incontinencia urinaria (IU) corresponde a la pérdida involuntaria de orina. En la medida en que la población envejece, aumenta su prevalencia y severidad. Objetivo: Describir el impacto de la incontinencia de orina en la población adulto mayor, así como conocer su fisiopatología e implicancias en la calidad de vida. Método: Revisión de la literatura disponible en PubMed, Embase y Medline utilizando los términos "urinary incontinence" y "elderly" entre los años 1990 y 2018. Resultados: La IU en el adulto mayor impacta negativamente en la calidad de vida de esta población, teniendo una multiplicidad de causas subyacentes que implican un tratamiento integral y multidisciplinario de esta patología. Conclusión: Dado el incremento de la edad en la población, conocer y manejar esta patología es importante para el clínico y el especialista para que de esta forma mejore la calidad de vida en este grupo etario.

ABSTRACT Background: Urinary incontinence (UI) is the involuntary loss of urine. The prevalence and severity of this condition increase as population ages. Objective: To describe the impact urinary incontinence in the elderly population, as well as to know its pathophysiology and implications in the quality of life. Method: Review of the literature available in PubMed, Embase and Medline using the keywords "urinary incontinence" and "elderly" between 1990 and 2018. Results: UI in the elderly has a negative impact on their quality of life, having a multiplicity of underlying causes that imply a comprehensive and multidisciplinary treatment of this pathology. Conclusion: Given the age increase in general population, knowing and managing this pathology is important for the clinician and the specialist to improve the quality of life in this age group.

Development of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the "Grading scale for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus": cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and validity / Validação da escala de hidrocefalia de pressão normal idiopática para o português brasileiro: aplicação, confiabilidade e validade

ABSTRACT Objective: The current study translated to Portuguese and validated the normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) scale originally developed in English as the Grading Scale for Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Methods: Following Guillemin's validation protocol, the last version of the Portuguese NPH scale was applied to 121 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus (73 men and 48 women) from the Group of Cerebral Hydrodynamics from July 2010 to March 2012. Results: The mean age was 71.09 years old, ranging from 35 to 92 years. The rate of agreement and reproducibility was high, as confirmed by Cohen's Kappa coefficient, with excellent intraobserver correlation for the NPH scale items individually evaluated: gait (0.80), dementia (0.90) and incontinence (0.87). Conclusions: The Portuguese version of the Grading Scale for Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus was successfully translated and validated for use in Brazilian patients.

RESUMO Objetivos: o presente estudo valida para a língua portuguesa a escala de hidrocefalia de pressão normal (HPN) desenvolvida em língua inglesa como "Escala de classificação para hidrocefalia de pressão normal idiopática". Métodos: Usando o método de Guillemin, uma versão traduzida da escala foi aplicada em 121 pacientes consecutivos com diagnóstico de hidrocefalia de pressão normal (73 homens e 48 mulheres) no Grupo de Hidrodinâmica Cerebral do Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP de julho de 2010 a março de 2012. Resultados: a média de idade foi de 71,09 anos, variando de 35 a 92 anos. A taxa de concordância e reprodutibilidade foi alta, conforme confirmado pelo coeficiente Kappa, com excelente correlação intraobservador para itens de escala HPN que avaliou a marcha (0,80), demência (0,90) e incontinência (0,87). Conclusões: a versão em português da escala de graduação para pacientes com HPN foi traduzida e validada com sucesso para uso em pacientes brasileiros de ambos os sexos.

Avaliação urodinâmica em idosas com incontinência urinaria: um relato de experiência a partir da consulta de enfermagem / Urodynamic evaluation in elderly women with urinary incontinence: a report of experience from the nursing consultation

Importância da consulta de enfermagem a mulheres idosas com incontinência urinaria em avaliação urodinâmica, proporcionando uma melhor compreensão do perfil clinico destas pacientes, desenvolvendo um cuidado assistencial sistemático dinâmico e adequado ao ambiente do exame em que a mulher idosa está inserida. Nesta experiência, valorizou-se o acolhimento, a acessibilidade à informação, conhecimento prévio ao exame e o cuidado empoderador, envolvendo a paciente em uma participação ativa nas ações de cuidados realizados, minimizando-se a ansiedade e o medo pela realização do exame EUD. Enfatiza-se a importância de novas pesquisas nessa área com vistas a contribuir para a visibilidade da sistematização da assistência de enfermagem para valorização do enfermeiro e de seu papel na compreensão de necessidades de saúde a serem atendidas por meio do planejamento de intervenções de enfermagem

Validation of the urgency questionnaire in Portuguese: A new instrument to assess overactive bladder syndrome

ABSTRACT Purpose Overactive Bladder (OAB) is a clinical condition characterized by symptoms reported by patients. Therefore, measurement instruments based on reported information are important for understanding its impact and treatment benefits. The aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt and validate the Urgency Questionnaire (UQ) in Portuguese. Materials and Methods Initially, the UQ was translated and culturally adapted to Portuguese. Sixty-three volunteers were enrolled in the study and were interviewed for responding the Portuguese version of the UQ and the validated Portuguese version of the Overactive Bladder Questionnaire short-form (OABq-SF), used as the gold standard measurement for the validation process. Psychometric properties such as criterion validity, stability, and reliability were tested. Results Forty-six subjects were included in the symptomatic group (presence of "urgency"), and seventeen were included in the asymptomatic group (control group). There was difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects on all of the subscales (p≤0.001). The UQ subscales correlated with the OABq-SF subscales (p≤0.01), except the subscale "time to control urgency" and the item "impact" from the visual analog scales (VAS). However, these scales correlated with the OABq-SF - Symptom Bother Scale. The UQ subscales demonstrated stability over time (p<0.05), but the subscale "fear of incontinence" and the item "severity" of the VAS did not. All of the UQ subscales showed internal consistencies that were considered to be good or excellent. Conclusion The Portuguese version of the UQ proved to be a valid tool for the evaluation of OAB in individuals whose native language is Portuguese.

Incidence of Bacteriuria after Urodynamic Study with or without Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Women with Urinary Incontinence / Incidência de bacteriúria após estudo urodinâmico com ou sem profilaxia antibiótica em mulheres com incontinência urinária

Abstract Introduction The presence of bacteria in urine is called bacteriuria, which may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. The manipulation of the urinary tract during urodynamic study (UDS), which is an invasive procedure, can result in urinary tract infection (UTI). Studies on the use of prophylactic antibiotics for UDSs are contradictory. Some investigators concluded that they were valuable and others did not. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis before UDS. This is a placebo-control randomized double-blind study. Methods Two-hundred and seventeen women affected by urinary incontinence were eligible for this study. All patients had presented negative urine culture previous to the UDS. They were randomized in four groups: group A received placebo, group B received 500 mg of levofloxacin, group C received 80 mg trimethoprim and 400 mg sulfamethoxazole and group D received 100 mg of nitrofurantoin. A urine culture was performed 14 days after the UDS. Results We observed asymptomatic bacteriuria after the UDS in five patients in group A, one in group B, one in group C and one in group D. Only one patient on group A had symptomatic bacteriuria.We didn't observe statistical difference between the groups. When we recategorized the patients in two groups, the incidence of bacteriuria was significantly higher in the placebo group compared with the antibiotic group. Conclusion The conclusion is that antibiotic prophylaxis before the UDS did not reduce the incidence of UTI in women within the target population.

Resumo Introdução A presença de bactéria na urina é denominada bacteriúria, que pode ser sintomática ou assintomática. A manipulação do trato urinário pelo estudo urodinâmico (EUD), que é um procedimento invasivo, pode resultar em infecção do trato urinário (ITU). Os estudos sobre o uso de profilaxia antibiótica para EUD são contraditórios. Alguns investigadores concluíram que era necessário e outros não. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a eficácia da antibióticoprofilaxia antes da realização do EUD. Trata-se de um estudo randomizado duplo-cego. Métodos Duzentas e dezessete mulheres comqueixa de incontinência urinária foram recrutadas para este estudo. Todas as pacientes apresentaram urocultura negativa antes do EUD. As pacientes foram randomizadas em quatro grupos: o grupo A recebeu placebo, o grupo B recebeu 500 mg de levofloxacina, o grupo C recebeu 80 mg de trimetoprim e 400 mg de sulfametoxazol e o grupo D recebeu 100 mg de nitrofurantoína. Uma urocultura foi realizada 14 dias após o EUD. Resultados Observamos bacteriúria assintomática após o EUD em cinco pacientes do grupo A, uma no grupo B, uma no grupo C e uma no grupo D. Apenas uma paciente do grupo A apresentou bacteriúria sintomática. Não observamos diferença estatística entre os grupos. Quando recategorizamos as pacientes em dois grupos, a incidência de bacteriúria foi significativamentemaior no grupo placebo emcomparação como grupo antibiótico. Conclusão A conclusão deste estudo é que a antibióticoprofilaxia antes do EUD não reduz a incidência de ITU nesse grupo de mulheres.

Incontinência urinária: uma breve revisão da literatura / Urinary incontinence: a brief review of the literature

Objetivos: A incontinência urinária é caracterizada por qualquer perda involuntária de urina, e pode ser classificada em diferentes tipos, conforme a Sociedade Internacional de Continência. É um problema que atinge um percentual alto da população, tanto entre homens quanto mulheres, de idades distintas. O impacto que a condição causa nos pacientes vai muito além das questões de saúde e higiene, comprometendo o âmbito social, pessoal e emocional ­ o que prejudica em grande escala a qualidade de vida.O diagnóstico pode ser difícil, uma vez que as pessoas atingidas não costumam levar em consideração os sintomas, o que raramente é expressado como queixa no consultório. Por isso, é fundamental falar sobre a incontinência urinária. Métodos: O que o presente estudo pretende fazer é elucidar questões a este respeito, principalmente sob a perspectiva do tratamento cirúrgico da patologia, através de revisão de literatura especializada. Resultados: A investigação diagnóstica da IU baseia-se em anamnese, exame físico e exames complementares. Como possibilidades terapêuticas encontram-se a abordagem conservadora e o tratamento cirúrgico. Conclusões: O diagnóstico preciso da incontinência urinária é a chave para conduzir ao tratamento adequado e melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes.

Aims: The urinary incontinence is characterized as any involuntary loss of urine, and it's classified by International Continence Society (ICS) according to its different types. It's a problem that affects a high percentage of population, among men and women, of different ages. The impact that the condition causes goes beyond health and hygiene issues, compromising people's social, personal and emotional spheres ­ which can largely disturb life quality. The diagnoses may be difficult, due to the fact that people who suffer from the disease don't usually consider the symptoms that are often neglected in doctors' appointments. That's the reason why it's so important to talk about urinary incontinence. Methods: This paper intends to do is bring this subject to light, mainly under the disease's surgical treatment point of view, through specialized literature review Results: The UI investigation is based on anamnesis, physical exam and complementary exams. For the treatment, conservative and surgicaltherapyare viable options. Conclusions: A precise diagnosis is the key to bring to the patients appropriate treatment and enhance their life quality.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Anthropometric Indicators in the Prediction of Urinary Incontinence in Physically Active Older Women / Acurácia diagnóstica de indicadores antropométricos na predição de incontinência urinária em idosas fisicamente ativas

Abstract Purpose To determine the diagnostic accuracy and the cutoff point of the variables conicity index, waist to height ratio and fat percentage to detect urinary incontinence in physically active older women. Method A total of 152 women were analyzed. The instruments used were the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ [Area 4]) to check the level of physical activity, and the Diagnostic Form to obtain sociodemographic data and presence of urinary incontinence. To calculate the conicity index, waist to height ratio and fat percentage, body mass, height and waist circumference were measured. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Cutoff points, sensitivity (S) and specificity (SP) were determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. A 5% significance level was adopted. Results The prevalence of urinary incontinence was of 32.2%. The cutoff point with better sensitivity and specificity for the conicity index was 1.23 (S =87.8; SP =35.9); for the waist to height ratio, it was 0.57 (S =79.6; SP =45.6); and for the fat percentage, it was 39.71 (S =89.8; SP =42.7). The area under the ROC curve was 0.666 for the conicity index, 0.653 for the waist to height ratio, and 0.660 for the fat percentage. Conclusions The cutoff points for the anthropometric measurements conicity index, waist to height ratio and fat percentage indicate that these measures can be used to predict urinary incontinence in physically active older women. Furthermore, fat percentage seemed to be the best measure for this population.

Objetivo Verificar a acurácia diagnóstica e o ponto de corte das variáveis índice de conicidade, razão cintura/estatura e percentual de gordura para detectar a incontinência urinária em idosas fisicamente ativas. Métodos Foram avaliadas 152 idosas. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ [Domínio 4]), para verificar o nível de atividade física, e a Ficha Diagnóstica, para obter dados sociodemográficos e da presença de incontinência urinária. Para os cálculos de índice de conicidade, razão cintura/estatura e percentual de gordura, mensuraram-se a massa corporal, estatura e perímetro da cintura. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva e inferencial. Os pontos de corte, sensibilidade (S) e especificidade (E) foram determinados por meio das curvas receiver operating characteristic (ROC). Adotou-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados A prevalência de incontinência urinária foi de 32,2%. O ponto de corte com melhor sensibilidade e especificidade do índice de conicidade foi de 1,23 (S = 87,8; E = 35,9), da razão cintura/estatura, de 0,57 (S = 79,6; E = 45,6), e, para percentual de gordura, de 39,71 (S = 89,8; E = 42,7). A área sob a curva ROC foi de 0,666 para o índice de conicidade, 0,653 para a razão cintura/estatura, e 0,660 para o percentual de gordura. Conclusões Os pontos de corte das medidas antropométricas índice de conicidade, razão cintura/estatura e percentual de gordura indicam que essas medidas podem ser utilizadas para predizer incontinência urinária em mulheres idosas fisicamente ativas. Além disso, o percentual de gordura demonstrou ser a melhor medida para esta população.

Enuresis and overactive bladder in children: what is the relationship between these two conditions?

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate clinical aspects associated with the presence of nocturnal enuresis (NE) in children with a diagnosis of overactive bladder (OAB). Material and Methods: A data base of 200 children who were evaluated by a structured questionnaire was analysed retrospectively . OAB was defined as the presence of urinary urgency (n=183 cases) and/or daytime urinary incontinence associated with holding maneuvers (n=168 cases). Inclusion criteria were a confirmed diagnosis of OAB, age 5-16 years, and no anatomical or neurological alterations of the urinary tract. Patients were divided into enuretics and non-enuretics. The two groups were compared with respect to sex, age, skin color, presence urinary infection, urgency, urge incontinence, non-urge incontinence, pollakiuria, urinary dysfunction, nocturia, holding maneuvers, number of episodes of enuresis and bowel alterations. In a univariate analysis, the chi-square test was used to compare proportions, with p-values <0.05 being considered significant. A multivariate analysis was conducted to identify independent predictive factors. Results: Enuresis was diagnosed in 141/200 children. The two groups were similar with respect to sex, age and skin color. No difference was found in relation to urinary infection, non-urge incontinence, urinary dysfunction, nocturia, encopresis or constipation. The two groups were significantly different with regard to some symptoms related to OAB such as urgency (p=0.001), urge incontinency (p=0.001) and holding maneuvers (p=0.033). Following multivariate analysis, only holding maneuvers (p=0.022) remained as an independent predictive factor. Conclusion: The only independent predictive factor for resolution of enuresis in children with OAB, as detected in the multivariate analysis, was holding maneuvers.

Sensibilidad al cambio de la versión español-chileno del cuestionario International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short-Form (ICIQ-SF) para incontinencia urinaria femenina / Responsiveness of the chilean version of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short-Form (ICIQ-SF)

Background: A symptom questionnaire must be able to detect minimal changes after treatment to be clinically useful. Aim: To evaluate the responsiveness of the Spanish-Chilean version of the ICIQ-SF questionnaire after medical and surgical procedures for the treatment of urinary incontinence (UI) in women consulting at a public Chilean Hospital. Material and Methods: Data of 124 women aged 59 ± 10 years who were treated for UI and in whom ICIQ-SF questionnaire was applied in two opportunities (before and after medical or surgical treatment), was analyzed. The sign test for paired samples was used to compare the response of each item of the questionnaire. Responsiveness of the total severity score for UI was assessed by changes of slopes estimated by Generalized Estimating Equations. Slopes of change for every type of treatment were also compared. Results: Sixty two percent of the women underwent surgical treatment. The slope of the total severity score for medical treatment was -4.4 (p-value < 0.001 for change) and 12.6 (p-value < 0.001 for change) for surgical treatment. Changes in surgical treatment were significantly higher than those of medical treatment (p-value < 0.001). Conclusions: The Spanish-Chilean version of the ICIQ-SF questionnaire was able to detect changes as a result of surgical and medical treatment for urinary incontinence in the study population, fulfilling the validity of responsiveness criterion.

Rol de onabotulinumtoxin A en el tratamiento de niños con vejiga neurogénica / The rol of Onabotulinumtoxin A in the treatment of children with a neurogenic bladder

Introducción: Onabotulinumtoxina es una alternativa terapéutica de segunda línea en pacientes sin respuesta a los anticolinérgicos. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de repetidas inyecciones de onabotulinumtoxina en vejigas neurogénicas refractarias al tratamiento clásico. Pacientes y métodos: Se evaluaron 82 pacientes menores de 18 años con vejiga neurogénica, en su mayoría por disrafia espinal. Todos fueron refractarios a oxibutinina oral. Si luego del tercer mes de la primer inyección en el detrusor se constataba mejoría clínica y/o urodinámica; se reinyectaban entre los 9 y 12 meses, nuevamente. De lo contrario, se indicaba cistoplastia de aumento. En algunos casos se utilizaron otros procedimientos endoscópicos - quirúrgicos accesorios. Resultados: Se reinyectaron con Onabotulinumtoxina, dos, tres, cuatro y cinco veces: 20 casos, 7, 4 y un caso, respectivamente. En el 51% promedio se logró continencia urinaria total (score cero-seco). En la primera y segunda inyección hubo incremento significativo en la media de capacidad cistométrica: de 254 a 331 ml (p: 0.007) y de 257 a 367 ml (p: 0.014); respectivamente. En algunos casos, luego de la primer inyección mejoró significativamente la compliance: de 6,9 a 11,4 ml/cmH2O (p: 0.05). La media de presión del detrusor al final del llenado disminuyó en promedio de 37 a 34,4 cmH2O. La sobreactividad del detrusor (n:22) se atenuó en el 54,4% luego de la primer inyección. No se registraron efectos adversos mayores con las reinyecciones. En 15 pacientes refractarios a OnabotulinumtoxinA se realizó ampliación vesical. Conclusión: Luego del tratamiento con onabotulinumtoxina, la continencia urinaria alcanzada fue del 50% promedio. La capacidad cistometrica se incrementó significativamente con las dos primeras inyecciones; aunque no se acompañó paralelamente de un importante descenso de presiones endovesicales. El uso de onabotulinumtoxina ha logrado suprimir o retrasar la clásica indicación de cistoplastia de aumento en niños refractarios a los anticolinérgicos (AU)

Introduction: OnabotulinumtoxinA is a second-line alternative therapy for patients who do not respond to anticholinergics. Aim: To evaluate the impact of repeated injections of OnabotulinumtoxinA in neurogenic bladders refractory to conventional treatment. Patients and methods: 82 patients younger than 18 years with a neurogenic bladder, in the majority due to spinal dysraphism, were evaluated. All were refractory to oral oxybutynin. If in the third month after the first injection in the detrusor clinical and/or urodynamic improvement was observed, between 9 and 12 months later a second injection was given. If not, augmentation cystoplasty was indicated. In some cases other endoscopic/surgical procedures were used. Results: Twenty, seven, four, and one case were reinjected with OnabotulinumtoxinA, two, three, four, and five times, respectively. In a mean of 51% of the patients total urinary continence was achieved (score zero - completely dry). On the first and second injection a significant increase of the maximum cystometric capacity was observed: from 254 to 331 ml (p: 0.007) and from 257 to 367 ml (p: 0.014), respectively. In some cases, after the first injection compliance improved significantly: from 6.9 to 11.4 ml/cmH2O (p: 0.05). Mean end filling detrusor pressure diminished from 37 to 34.4 cmH2O. Detrusor overactivity (n: 22) attenuated in 54.4% after the first injection. No major adverse effects were recorded after the reinjections. In 15 patients that were refractory to OnabotulinumtoxinA augmentation cystoplasty was performed. Conclusion: After OnabotulinumtoxinA treatment, 50% urinary continence was achieved. Cystometric capacity increased significantly after the first two injections; however, it was not associated with an important decrease of intravesical pressure. The use of OnabotulinumtoxinA may avoid or delay the classical indication of augmentation cystoplasty in anticholinergicrefractory children (AU)

Validação da versão brasileira do Gaudenz-Fragebogen: utilizado para o diagnóstico diferencial da incontinência urinária feminina / Validation of the brazilian version of the Gaudenz-Fragebogen: used in the differential diagnosis of female urinary incontinence / Validación de la versión brasileña del Gaudenz-Fragebogen: utilizado en el diagnóstico diferencial de la incontinencia urinaria femenina

Objetivo: Validar a versão brasileira do Gaudenz-Fragebogen, utilizado no diagnóstico diferencial da incontinência urinária feminina de esforço e de urgência. Métodos: A confiabilidade foi conferida por meio da aplicação do teste-reteste em 60 mulheres. Para a avaliação da validade de critério concorrente os diagnósticos, baseados nos escores do questionário adaptado, foram comparados com o estudo urodinâmico (padrão-ouro), em 116 mulheres com incontinência urinária. Resultados: O questionário demonstrou ser confiável e apresentou estabilidade. A sensibilidade e especificidade para o diagnóstico da incontinência urinária de esforço foram 9,0% e 96,7%, e para a de urgência de 44,7% e 70%, respectivamente. Conclusão: O questionário é confiável e estável, e pode ser indicado para compor as fases que antecedem o diagnóstico final. Entretanto, não é recomendável a sua utilização como único recurso para determinar o diagnóstico diferencial da incontinência urinária feminina.

Objective: To validate the Brazilian version of the Gaudenz-Fragebogen questionnaire, used in the differential diagnosis of femalestress and urge urinary incontinence. Methods: Reliability was validated through the application of test-retest in 60 women. Forthe evaluation of the concurrent validity criterion, the diagnoses-based on the questionnaire's adapted scores-were comparedto the urodynamic study (gold standard) in 116 women with urinary incontinence. Results: The questionnaire was found to bereliable and showed stability. The sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence were 9.0% and 96.7%,and for urge urinary incontinence, 44.7% and 70% respectively. Conclusion: The questionnaire is reliable and stable, and it issuitable to be included in the phases that precede the final diagnosis. However, its use is not recommended as a single resourceto determine the differential diagnosis of female urinary incontinence.

Objetivo: Validar la versión brasileña del Gaudenz-Fragebogen, utilizado en el diagnóstico diferencial de incontinencia urinariafemenina de esfuerzo y urgencia. Métodos: La fiabilidad fue validada a través de la aplicación de teste-reteste en 60 mujeres.Para la evaluación del criterio de validez concurrente, los diagnósticos basados en puntajes del cuestionario adaptado, fueroncomparados con el estudio urodinámico (patrón oro) en 116 mujeres con incontinencia urinaria. Resultados: El cuestionariodemostró ser confiable y presentó estabilidad. La sensibilidad y especificidad para el diagnóstico de incontinencia urinaria deesfuerzo fueron 9,0% y 96,7%, y para la incontinencia urinaria de urgencia fueron 44,7% y 70%, respectivamente. Conclusión:El cuestionario es fiable y estable, y es adecuado para ser incluido en las fases que preceden diagnóstico final. Sin embargo, suuso no se recomienda como un único recurso para determinar el diagnóstico diferencial de la incontinencia urinaria femenina.

Predictive value of clinical history compared with urodynamic study in 1, 179 women / Valor preditivo positivo da história clínica comparado ao estudo urodinâmico em 1. 179 mulheres

SUMMARY Objective: to determine the positive predictive value of clinical history in comparison with urodynamic study for the diagnosis of urinary incontinence. Methods: retrospective analysis comparing clinical history and urodynamic evaluation of 1,179 women with urinary incontinence. The urodynamic study was considered the gold standard, whereas the clinical history was the new test to be assessed. This was established after analyzing each method as the gold standard through the difference between their positive predictive values. Results: the positive predictive values of clinical history compared with urodynamic study for diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence, overactive bladder and mixed urinary incontinence were, respectively, 37% (95% CI 31-44), 40% (95% CI 33-47) and 16% (95% CI 14-19). Conclusion: we concluded that the positive predictive value of clinical history was low compared with urodynamic study for urinary incontinence diagnosis. The positive predictive value was low even among women with pure stress urinary incontinence.

RESUMO Objetivo: determinar o valor preditivo positivo da história clínica em comparação ao estudo urodinâmico para o diagnóstico da incontinência urinária. Método: análise retrospectiva comparando história clínica e avaliação urodinâmica em 1.179 mulheres com incontinência urinária. O estudo urodinâmico foi considerado padrão-ouro, e a história clínica, o novo teste a ser avaliado. Isso foi estabelecido após análise de cada método como padrão-ouro pela diferença entre seus valores preditivos positivos. Resultados: o valor preditivo positivo da história clínica comparado ao estudo urodinâmico para diagnóstico de incontinência urinária de esforço, bexiga hiperativa e incontinência urinária mista foram, respectivamente, 37% (IC95% 31-44), 40% (IC95% 33-47) e 16% (IC95% 14-19). Conclusão: o valor preditivo positivo da história clínica foi baixo quando comparado ao estudo urodinâmico para diagnóstico de incontinência urinária. O valor preditivo positivo foi baixo mesmo em mulheres com incontinência urinária de esforço pura.

A Clinical Audit of Female Urinary Incontinence at a Urogynaecology Clinic of a Tertiary Hospital in Durban; South Africa

Background. Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common condition with an increasing prevalence worldwide. Although it is not a life-threatening condition; it can be very disabling.Objective. To describe the clinical profiles; risk factors; diagnosis; treatment and clinical outcomes of women with different subtypes of UI who attended a tertiary hospital in Durban; South Africa.Methods. A retrospective chart review was performed. A structured data form was used to obtain the relevant information.Results. Seven hundred and fifty-eight of 945 charts with a diagnosis of UI were analysed. Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) was the most common subtype of UI (30). The mean (standard deviation (SD)) age was 50.9 (15.2) years; mean (SD) parity 2.8 (1.4) and mean (SD) body mass index 29.2 (5.3) kg/m2. Indians (n=366; 48.3) were the predominant racial group; black Africans constituted 32.7 (n=248). Mid-urethral tape was the preferred surgical treatment for SUI (n=134; 62.0). Urge UI was treated mainly with pharmaceutical agents (n=138; 74.2) with physiotherapy as adjunctive therapy. Urogenital fistulas were repaired via laparotomy (n=42; 53.9) and vaginally (n=25; 32). Mid-urethral tapes and Burch colposuspension had success rates of 97 and 83.3; respectively. Both laparotomy and vaginal fistula repairs had success rates of 95.Conclusions. Stress UI was the most common subtype of UI observed in this study. Patients were predominantly Indians and overweight or obese. The majority of patients with urogenital fistulas were black Africans. Surgical outcomes at our centre were in keeping with those in international reports

Urinary incontinence nursing diagnoses in patients with stroke / Diagnósticos de enfermería de incontinencia urinaria en pacientes con accidente vascular cerebral / Diagnósticos de enfermagem de incontinência urinária em pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral

Abstract OBJECTIVE Identifying the prevalence of Stress urinary incontinence (SUI), Urge urinary incontinence (UUI), Functional urinary incontinence (FUI), Overflow urinary incontinence (OUI) and Reflex urinary incontinence (RUI) nursing diagnoses and their defining characteristics in stroke patients. METHOD A cross-sectional study with 156 patients treated in a neurological clinic. Data were collected through interviews and forwarded to nurses for diagnostic inference. RESULTS 92.3% of the patients had at least one of the studied diagnoses; OUI showed the highest prevalence (72.4%), followed by FUI (53.2%), RUI (50.0%), UUI (41.0%) and SUI (37.8%). Overdistended bladder and reports of inability to reach the toilet in time to avoid urine loss were the most prevalent defining characteristics. A statistically significant association of the defining characteristics with the studied diagnosis was verified. CONCLUSION The five incontinence diagnoses were identified in the evaluated patients, with different prevalence.

Resumen OBJETIVO Identificar la prevalencia de los diagnósticos de enfermería Incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo (IUE), Incontinencia urinaria de urgencia (IUU), Incontinencia urinaria funcional (IUF), Incontinencia urinaria por transborde (IUT) e Incontinencia urinaria refleja (IUR) y sus características definidoras en pacientes con Accidente Vascular Cerebral. MÉTODO Estudio transversal, con 156 pacientes atendidos en ambulatorio neurológico. Los datos fueron recogidos en entrevista y remitidos a enfermeros para inferencia diagnóstica. RESULTADOS De los pacientes evaluados, el 92,3% presentaron por lo menos uno de los diagnósticos del estudio, IUT presentó mayor prevalencia (72,4%), seguido de IUF (53,2%), IUR (50,0%), IUU (41,0%) e IUE (37,8%). Distensión de la vejiga y relatos de incapacidad de llegar al baño a tiempo de evitar pérdida de orina fueron las características definidoras más prevalentes. Se verificó asociación estadísticamente significativa de las características definidoras con los diagnósticos estudiados. CONCLUSIÓN Los cinco diagnósticos de incontinencia fueron identificados en los pacientes evaluados, presentando prevalencias distintas.

Resumo OBJETIVO Identificar a prevalência dos diagnósticos de enfermagem Incontinência urinária de esforço (IUE), Incontinência urinária de urgência (IUU), Incontinência urinária funcional (IUF), Incontinência urinária por transbordamento (IUT) e Incontinência urinária reflexa (IUR) e suas características definidoras em pacientes com Acidente Vascular Cerebral. MÉTODO Estudo transversal, com 156 pacientes atendidos em ambulatório neurológico. Os dados foram coletados em entrevista e encaminhados a enfermeiros para inferência diagnóstica. RESULTADOS Dos pacientes avaliados, 92,3% apresentaram pelo menos um dos diagnósticos do estudo, IUT apresentou maior prevalência (72,4%), seguido de IUF (53,2%), IUR (50,0%), IUU (41,0%) e IUE (37,8%). Distensão da bexiga e Relatos de incapacidade de chegar ao banheiro a tempo de evitar perda de urina foram as características definidoras mais prevalentes. Verificou-se associação estatisticamente significante das características definidoras com os diagnósticos estudados. CONCLUSÃO Os cinco diagnósticos de incontinência foram identificados nos pacientes avaliados, apresentando prevalências distintas.

Propuesta de puntos de corte para diferentes indicadores antropométricos en la predicción de la incontinencia urinaria en mujeres / Proposal of cut-off points for different anthropometric indicators in the prediction of urinary incontinence in women

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los episodios de pérdidas urinarias son causas de vergüenza social, disfunción sexual y bajo desempeño profesional. Objetivos: Identificar la sensibilidad y especificidad, y proponer puntos de corte de diferentes indicadores antropométricos para la predicción en mujeres de la incontinencia urinaria (IU). MÉTODOS: Fueron evaluadas 500 mujeres de la Gran Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, de un amplio rango etario, a partir del cuestionario ICIQ - SF para incontinencia urinaria. Fueron analizados los siguientes indicadores antropométricos: Circunferencia de Cintura (CC), Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), Índice Cintura/Cadera (ICC), Razón Cintura/Estatura (RCE), Índice de Adiposidad Corporal (IAC) e Índice de Conicidad (Índice C). Para el análisis estadístico de los datos, fueron utilizadas pruebas de asociación y cálculos de sensibilidad y especificidad por medio de curvas ROC. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de IU fue 35%. Se observaron correlaciones significativas entre los indicadores antropométricos y frecuencia e intensidad de pérdidas urinarias. La RCE fue el indicador antropométrico con mayor área sobre la curva ROC (0,618). La CC fue el indicador antropométrico con mayor sensibilidad y el Índice C, aquel con la mayor especificidad para la predicción de la IU. Mujeres con CC con 78,5 cm o más presentaron 1,24 vez más prevalencia de IU (p<0,05). Mujeres con Índice C de 1,23 puntos o más presentaron 1,23 vez más prevalencia de IU (p<0,05). CONCLUSIONES: Los indicadores antropométricos, especialmente aquellos que llevan en consideración la CC, presentaron asociaciones significativas y pueden ser usados como indicativos de IU.

BACKGROUND: The episodes of urinary incontinence may cause social embarrassment, sexual dysfunction and diminished work performance. Objectives: To identify the sensitivity, specificity and to propose cutoff points of different anthropometric indicators for the prediction of urinary incontinence (UI) in women. METHODS: 500 women from Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, from a wide age range, were assessed using the Internatinal Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ - SF). The anthropometric indexes analyzed were: Waist Circumference (WC), Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist / Hip Ratio (WHR), Waist / Height Ratio (WHeR), Body Adiposity Index (IAC) and Conicity Index (Index C). For statistical analysis, association tests and calculations of sensitivity and specificity by ROC curves were used. RESULTS: The prevalence of UI was 35%. There were significant correlations between anthropometric indicators and frequency and intensity of UI. The WHeR was the index with the largest area under the ROC curve (0.618). The WC was the most sensitive index and the index C had the highest specificity. Women with WC with 78.50 cm or more exhibited 1.24 increased prevalence of UI (p < 0.05). Those women with index C of 1.23 or more showed 1.23 greater prevalence of UI (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Anthropometric indicators, especially those which take into account the WC, showed significant associations and can be used as predictors of UI.